在阿里云 CentOS 系统中通过 yum 搭建环境并部署 Laravel 应用
上线前准备
购买服务器
- 目前选择的是阿里云服务器，选择的是入门型1核1G实例
- 目前没什么活动，三年1400软妹币
配置SSH连接
- 增加本机ssh连接配置，一般激活实例后，ssh的22端口是默认开放的，可以直接通过root用户进行登录配置部署环境
- 登录到服务器后，将自己的公钥加入到 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys 配置文件中就可直接通过秘钥进行登录
服务器配置
- 服务器系统版本：CentOS Linux release 7.4.1708 (Core)
- 内存：1G
- CPU：1核
- 硬盘：40G
服务器环境搭建
安装 MySQL 5.5
因为服务器配置有点低，所以这边选择安装比较低的 MySQL 版本。从 CentOS 7.0 发布以来，yum 源中开始使用mariadb 来代替MySQL的安装。即使你输入的是yum install mysql , 显示的也是 mariadb 的安装内容，因此，如果使用 yum 安装 MySQL 的话，就需要去下载官方指定的 yum 源。网址：https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/repo/yum/。
先卸载 mariadb，查看 mariadb 是否已经安装：
[root@iZbp17dq2xryqoixibq5u1Z ~]# yum list installed | grep mariadb
mariadb-libs.x86_64 1:5.5.56-2.el7 @anaconda进行卸载：
[root@iZbp17dq2xryqoixibq5u1Z ~]# yum -y remove mariadb*
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Resolving Dependencies
...... **省略过程**
Removed:
mariadb-libs.x86_64 1:5.5.56-2.el7
Dependency Removed:
postfix.x86_64 2:2.10.1-6.el7 redhat-lsb-core.x86_64 0:4.1-27.el7.centos.1
Complete!获取yum源和数据库安装（官方指南）：
wget http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.5-community/el/6/x86_64/mysql-community-release-el6-5.noarch.rpm #MySQL5.5yum源安装yum源：
rpm -ivh mysql-5.5-community/el/6/x86_64/mysql-community-release-el6-5.noarch.rpm 安装好 yum 源后，需要修改一下配置文件，文件路径在 /etc/yum.repos.d/mysql-community.repo，要将5.5的enabled 改为1，而 5.6 的 enabled 改为 0：
# Enable to use MySQL 5.5
[mysql55-community]
name=MySQL 5.5 Community Server
baseurl=http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.5-community/el/6/$basearch/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:/etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-mysql
# Enable to use MySQL 5.6
[mysql56-community]
name=MySQL 5.6 Community Server
baseurl=http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.6-community/el/6/$basearch/
enabled=0
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:/etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-mysql
# Note: MySQL 5.7 is currently in development. For use at your own risk.
# Please read with sub pages: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/5.7/en/
[mysql57-community-dmr]
name=MySQL 5.7 Community Server Development Milestone Release
baseurl=http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/6/$basearch/
enabled=0
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:/etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-mysql修改后保存退出，开始安装MySQL。在安装之前，可以查看下是否已有MySQL可安装文件：
[root@iZbp17dq2xryqoixibq5u1Z ~]# yum repolist enabled | grep "mysql.*-community.*"
mysql-connectors-community/x86_64 MySQL Connectors Community 49
mysql-tools-community/x86_64 MySQL Tools Community 61
mysql55-community/x86_64 MySQL 5.5 Community Server 449安装MySQL：
# 安装client，devel，server
yum install mysql-community-client mysql-community-devel mysql-community-server安装完毕后，可以查看下当前 MySQL 版本：
[root@iZbp17dq2xryqoixibq5u1Z ~]# rpm -qi mysql-community-server
Name : mysql-community-server
Version : 5.5.60
Release : 2.el6
Architecture: x86_64
Install Date: 2018年05月05日 星期六 16:26:00
......启动MySQL
执行 service mysqld start 启动 MySQL
[root@iZbp17dq2xryqoixibq5u1Z ~]# service mysqld start
Starting mysqld (via systemctl): [ OK ]ok，MySQL 安装完毕。
常用命令：
systemctl start mysqld #启动mysqld
systemctl stop mysqld #停止mysqld
systemctl restart mysqld #重启mysqld
systemctl enable mysqld #设置开机启动
systemctl status mysqld #查看 MySQL Server 状态
数据库安全设置
设置mysql root账户密码：
# mysqladmin -u root password 'new password'重新登录mysql报如下错误：
ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using password: YES)执行如下命令进行解决：
[root@iZbp17dq2xryqoixibq5u1Z ~]# systemctl stop mysqld **关闭mysql服务**
[root@iZbp17dq2xryqoixibq5u1Z ~]# mysqld --user=root --skip-grant-tables & **关闭skip-grant-tables**
[1] 32163
[root@iZbp17dq2xryqoixibq5u1Z ~]# 180505 16:57:08 [Note] mysqld (mysqld 5.5.60) starting as process 32163 ...
180505 16:57:08 [Note] Plugin 'FEDERATED' is disabled.
180505 16:57:08 InnoDB: The InnoDB memory heap is disabled
180505 16:57:08 InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use GCC atomic builtins
180505 16:57:08 InnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib 1.2.3
180505 16:57:08 InnoDB: Using Linux native AIO
180505 16:57:08 InnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, size = 128.0M
180505 16:57:08 InnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer pool
180505 16:57:08 InnoDB: highest supported file format is Barracuda.
180505 16:57:08 InnoDB: Waiting for the background threads to start
180505 16:57:09 InnoDB: 5.5.60 started; log sequence number 1595675
180505 16:57:09 [Note] Server hostname (bind-address): '0.0.0.0'; port: 3306
180505 16:57:09 [Note] - '0.0.0.0' resolves to '0.0.0.0';
180505 16:57:09 [Note] Server socket created on IP: '0.0.0.0'.
180505 16:57:09 [Note] mysqld: ready for connections.
Version: '5.5.60' socket: '/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock' port: 3306 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
mysql -u root mysql **空密码登入**
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 1
Server version: 5.5.60 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> UPDATE user SET authentication_string=PASSWORD('new password') where USER='root'; **重新设置root密码**
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 4 Changed: 4 Warnings: 0
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES; **刷新设置**
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> quit
Bye安装PHP环境
开始安装PHP和PHP-FPM
首先安装EPEL。EPEL 即 Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 的简称，是为企业级Linux提供的一组高质量的额外软件包：
yum -y install epel-release安装PHP和PHP-FPM：
yum -y install php php-fpm查看PHP版本：
[root@iZbp17dq2xryqoixibq5u1Z ~]# php -v
PHP 5.4.16 (cli) (built: Mar 7 2018 13:34:47)
Copyright (c) 1997-2013 The PHP Group
Zend Engine v2.4.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2013 Zend Technologies这时发现PHP版本是 5.4 的，原因是 yum 默认的 epel-release 源太低了，而我需要部署的网站是基于 Laravel 5.5 开发的，环境要求：
- PHP >= 7.0.0 需要重新安装PHP7
- PHP OpenSSL 扩展
- PHP PDO 扩展
- PHP Mbstring 扩展
- PHP Tokenizer 扩展
- PHP XML 扩展
删除之前安装的PHP版本：
yum remove php* php-common我们需要更换下rpm源，搜索epel-release源并删除后进行更新：
[root@iZbp17dq2xryqoixibq5u1Z ~]# rpm -qa | grep epel
epel-release-7-11.noarch
[root@iZbp17dq2xryqoixibq5u1Z ~]# rpm -e epel-release-7-11.noarch
warning: /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo saved as /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo.rpmsave
[root@iZbp17dq2xryqoixibq5u1Z ~]# rpm -Uvh https://mirror.webtatic.com/yum/el7/epel-release.rpm
Retrieving https://mirror.webtatic.com/yum/el7/epel-release.rpm
warning: /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.PHnPwl: Header V4 RSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 62e74ca5: NOKEY
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:epel-release-7-5 ################################# [100%]
[root@iZbp17dq2xryqoixibq5u1Z ~]# rpm -Uvh https://mirror.webtatic.com/yum/el7/webtatic-release.rpm
Retrieving https://mirror.webtatic.com/yum/el7/webtatic-release.rpm
warning: /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.ohTozh: Header V4 RSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 62e74ca5: NOKEY
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:webtatic-release-7-3 ################################# [100%]重新安装PHP和一些相关扩展：
yum install php72w-cli.x86_64 php72w-common.x86_64 php72w-gd.x86_64 php72w-ldap.x86_64 php72w-mbstring.x86_64 php72w-pdo.x86_64安装PHP-FPM：
yum install php72w-fpm再次查看PHP版本：
[root@iZbp17dq2xryqoixibq5u1Z ~]# php -v
PHP 7.2.4 (cli) (built: Mar 30 2018 08:49:13) ( NTS )
Copyright (c) 1997-2018 The PHP Group
Zend Engine v3.2.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2018 Zend Technologies启动PHP-FPM：
systemctl start php-fpm
systemctl enable php-fpm.service **开机自启动**常用命令：
systemctl start php-fpm # 启动
systemctl stop php-fpm # 停止
systemctl restart php-fpm # 重启
systemctl enable php-fpm #开机自启动
安装Nginx
开始安装Nginx：
yum install nginx安装完毕后，启动Nginx：
systemctl start nginx
systemctl enable nginx **系统启动时自动启动Nginx**常用命令：
fuser -k 80/tcp # 杀死80端口
nginx -s stop # 停止
nginx -s reopen # 重启
nginx -s reload # 重新载入配置文件
网站部署
生成秘钥
ssh-keygen -t rsa提示一直回车就行，将生成的秘钥添加到项目托管的git库网站上，因为我的网站是放在Coding上，我直接添加在了项目部署秘钥。
克隆项目
通过 git clone 命令将项目拉取到服务器上，我这边因为是Nginx，所以我拉取到 /var/www/ 目录下，
安装Composer
[root@iZbp17dq2xryqoixibq5u1Z project_fjylhjjsyxgs]# curl -sS https://getcomposer.org/installer | php
All settings correct for using Composer
Downloading...
Composer (version 1.6.5) successfully installed to: /var/www/project_fjylhjjsyxgs/composer.phar
Use it: php composer.phar移动 composer.phar 文件到 /usr/local/bin 目录下 ，使命令全局可用，并更换 Packagist 中国全量镜像
mv composer.phar /usr/local/bin/composer
composer config -g repo.packagist composer https://packagist.phpcomposer.com通过 Composer 安装项目依赖，但是出现了报错：
[root@iZbp17dq2xryqoixibq5u1Z project_fjylhjjsyxgs]# composer install
Loading composer repositories with package information
Installing dependencies (including require-dev) from lock file
Your requirements could not be resolved to an installable set of packages.
Problem 1
- Installation request for phar-io/manifest 1.0.1 -> satisfiable by phar-io/manifest[1.0.1].
- phar-io/manifest 1.0.1 requires ext-dom * -> the requested PHP extension dom is missing from your system.
Problem 2
- Installation request for phpunit/php-code-coverage 5.3.0 -> satisfiable by phpunit/php-code-coverage[5.3.0].
- phpunit/php-code-coverage 5.3.0 requires ext-dom * -> the requested PHP extension dom is missing from your system.
Problem 3
- Installation request for phpunit/phpunit 6.5.7 -> satisfiable by phpunit/phpunit[6.5.7].
- phpunit/phpunit 6.5.7 requires ext-dom * -> the requested PHP extension dom is missing from your system.
Problem 4
- Installation request for theseer/tokenizer 1.1.0 -> satisfiable by theseer/tokenizer[1.1.0].
- theseer/tokenizer 1.1.0 requires ext-dom * -> the requested PHP extension dom is missing from your system.
To enable extensions, verify that they are enabled in your .ini files:
- /etc/php.ini
- /etc/php.d/bz2.ini
- /etc/php.d/calendar.ini
- /etc/php.d/ctype.ini
- /etc/php.d/curl.ini
- /etc/php.d/exif.ini
- /etc/php.d/fileinfo.ini
- /etc/php.d/ftp.ini
- /etc/php.d/gd.ini
- /etc/php.d/gettext.ini
- /etc/php.d/gmp.ini
- /etc/php.d/iconv.ini
- /etc/php.d/json.ini
- /etc/php.d/ldap.ini
- /etc/php.d/mbstring.ini
- /etc/php.d/pdo.ini
- /etc/php.d/pdo_sqlite.ini
- /etc/php.d/phar.ini
- /etc/php.d/shmop.ini
- /etc/php.d/simplexml.ini
- /etc/php.d/sockets.ini
- /etc/php.d/sqlite3.ini
- /etc/php.d/tokenizer.ini
- /etc/php.d/xml.ini
- /etc/php.d/zip.ini
You can also run `php --ini` inside terminal to see which files are used by PHP in CLI mode.Google后发现，php-xml 扩展有以上需要的相关软件包
yum install php72w-xml.x86_64重新执行 composer install 命令，依赖下载成功
设置 Nginx 配置文件
我本机homestead中的Nginx是通过 /etc/nginx/sites-available 目录设置对应多域名的nginx配置文件，但是不知道服务器上安装的Nginx，却没有这个目录，所以查看了下nginx.conf文件，发现http模块中有如下一条配置
本机homestead中Nginx.conf
##
# Virtual Host Configs
##
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
服务器上安装的Nginx.conf
# Load modular configuration files from the /etc/nginx/conf.d directory.
# See http://nginx.org/en/docs/ngx_core_module.html#include
# for more information.
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;那好吧，我估计sites-available也是软连接的conf.d或者sites-enabled目录吧，所以我就直接将官方手册中Nginx配置复制了一份到/etc/nginx/conf.d/域名.conf，修改了一些配置
server {
listen 80;
server_name 域名或公网IP;
root 项目地址指向到public目录;
add_header X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN";
add_header X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block";
add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff";
index index.html index.htm index.php;
charset utf-8;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$query_string;
}
location = /favicon.ico { access_log off; log_not_found off; }
location = /robots.txt { access_log off; log_not_found off; }
error_page 404 /index.php;
location ~ \.php$ {
fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(/.+)$;
fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php7.2-fpm.sock; **这里有个坑下面讲**
fastcgi_index index.php;
include fastcgi_params;
}
location ~ /\.(?!well-known).* {
deny all;
}
}配置完毕，保存退出，通过域名访问，发现报502错误，查看下Nginx的错误日志，发现报如下错误
2018/05/06 20:17:37 [crit] 5898#0: *66 connect() to unix:/var/run/php/php7.2-fpm.sock failed (2: No such file or directory) while connecting to upstream,简单的讲下，php-fpm.sock文件就是让Nginx和PHP-FPM的进程间进行通信的文件，具体的含义，这边就不做详细介绍了。进这个目录查看下是否存在这个目录或文件，发现两个问题：
- 目录错误，不是/var/run/php，而是/var/run/php-fpm
- php7.2-fpm.sock这个文件未生成
未生成原因：php5.3之后的版本，php-fpm.conf里的listen的默认配置是127.0.0.1:9000，也就是tcp的方式，不会生成php-fpm.sock。
因为这次上线的网站没有什么并发量，unix socket方式要比tcp的方式快而且消耗资源少，所以我还是采用unix socket方式。定位到问题后，修改下 /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf，也就是php-fpm的配置文件，关闭原来的listen方式，然后重启下php-fpm：
;listen = 127.0.0.1:9000
listen = /var/run/php-fpm/php7.2-fpm.sock这个时候，由于职业习惯，想把Nginx也重启下，然后就又碰到了一个问题
[root@iZbp17dq2xryqoixibq5u1Z project_fjylhjjsyxgs]# nginx -s stop
[root@iZbp17dq2xryqoixibq5u1Z project_fjylhjjsyxgs]# nginx -s reload
nginx: [error] open() "/run/nginx.pid" failed (2: No such file or directory)这应该是因为把Nginx进程杀死后pid丢失了，下一次再开启nginx -s reload时无法启动。再次面向Google编程，发现还有挺多人碰到这个问题，所以解决方法马上就能搜索到了，执行如下命令
nginx -c /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
nginx -s reloadok，接着Navicat远程连接到服务器数据库，source下数据库完毕。现看起来应该是可以跑起网站来了。再次访问域名，发现还是502，再次查看Nginx日志，报如下错误：
2018/05/06 20:37:00 [crit] 6078#0: *1 connect() to unix:/var/run/php-fpm/php7.2-fpm.sock failed (13: Permission denied) while connecting to upstream,和上面报错看起来差不多，但是这次主要问题出在跑Nginx的用户是Nginx，而php-fpm.sock这个文件，监听的Nginx用户没有该权限，导致Nginx无法访问php-fpm.sock这个文件，自然监听就失去了效果，再次修改php-fpm配置文件和重启下php-fpm：
; Set permissions for unix socket, if one is used. In Linux, read/write
; permissions must be set in order to allow connections from a web server. Many
; BSD-derived systems allow connections regardless of permissions.
; Default Values: user and group are set as the running user
; mode is set to 0660
listen.owner = nginx
listen.group = nginx
listen.mode = 0660重新访问下域名，发现访问任何路由都是白屏，这次状态码都是200了，但是没有任何输出，再次面向Google编程……发现问题：
由于nginx与php-fpm之间的一个小bug，会导致这样的现象： 网站中的静态页面 .html 都能正常访问，而 .php 文件虽然会返回200状态码， 但实际输出给浏览器的页面内容却是空白。 简而言之，原因是nginx无法正确的将 *.php 文件的地址传递给php-fpm去解析， 相当于php-fpm接受到了请求，但这请求却指向一个不存在的文件，于是返回空结果。 为了解决这个问题，需要改动nginx默认的
fastcgiparams配置文件
在 /etc/nginx/fastcgi_params 文件的最后增加两行：
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $fastcgi_script_name; 再再再次访问域名，终于正常显示了，但是页面上又出现了新的错误：
*could not find driver（select from users where deleted = 0）**
任何有 SQL 查询的页面都报如上错误，这个错误多半是因为pdo_mysql未打开或者未安装此模块造成，执行 php -m 发现还真没装，安装 php72w-mysql 又遇到一个坑
yum install php72w-mysql报如下错误，说缺少libmysqlclient.so.18依赖：
......
error: package: php72w-mysql
requires: libmysqlclient.so.18(libmysqlclient_18)(64bit)
Available: 1:mariadb-libs-5.5.52-1.el7.x86_64 (base)
libmysqlclient.so.18(libmysqlclient_18)(64bit)
......这就很奇怪了，查看用户库文件目录内libmysqlclient.so.18已经存在
[root@iZbp17dq2xryqoixibq5u1Z ~]# ll /usr/lib64/mysql/libmysqlclient.so.18
libmysqlclient.so.18 libmysqlclient.so.18.1.0这个坑花了一个小时，Google多次尝试无果后，认真思考下可能的原因，想了想可能是 MySQL 版本的问题，修改下 /etc/yum.repos.d/mysql-community.repo 配置文件，将5.6的enabled设为1，5.5设为0，更新 MySQL 版本后，再次执行 yum install php72w-mysql 安装 pdo_mysql 模块成功…...
至此，网站访问终于成功！
后续的部署优化，另外开篇记录。
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